In my Holistic Quantum Cosmology I have based the theoretical deductions on the existence of a physically smallest distance – elementary length – and a physically smallest time interval – elementary time – together with the total matter/energy mass of the Universe.

You can read a summary, or the full text, or go to the main index with entry points to all parts of the treatise.

My discovery of a connection between the total mass of the Universe, elementary length, elementary time, Planck's Constant and the light constant gives a holistic context of our Universe. There is a connection between microcosmos and macrocosmos. As the smallest physical distance is determined by the total mass of the Universe, it can be expressed: "The Greatest is contained in the Smallest!"

In my Holistic Quantum Cosmology I have shown which connection there is between the actual extent of the Universe, its age (the cosmic time parameter), elementary length and elementary time. Likewise I have shown the connection between the total mass of the Universe and the smallest possible mass – elementary mass.

The Universe has developed from one quantum – the cosmic embryoton. This cosmic embryoton had an extension equal to elementary length, and the Universe – space, time, and thereby the nature laws – were formed within the first cosmic quantum interval. The evolution of the Universe is guided by a cosmic evolution quantum number "ticking" up through the natural numbers. The Universe was "born" when this number was one (unity)! "Today" this cosmic quantum number is extremely high, 7.2 · 10¹²⁷.

The evolution of the Universe is characterized by the original cosmic embryoton being split up in more and more elementary quanta. The actual number of these elementary quanta is equal to the cosmic evolution quantum number.

The division and spreading of the energy originally concentrated in the cosmic embryoton is in accordance with the entropy law, "demanding" that a system evolves from a less probable and dense state to a more probable and less dense state.

As the Universe develops from one single quantum mass to more and more quantum masses, spreading in the expanding space, a consequence will be that the cosmic unit for mass will vary as the Universe evolves! This cosmic variation of the physical basic unit for mass has very interesting consequences for the physical quantities we have defined in order to describe the Universe, of which we are ourselves a part. As it will be shown in the following, the evolution of the Universe can be characterized by a development up through the natural numbers! Given in cosmological units, many of the physical quantities we presume constant will vary . This is f.i. the case with Planck's "constant".

Our apparent feeling, that we live in a Universe controlled by certain laws, is a.o. caused by the discovery that between certain physical quantities there exists a mathematical connection, often even a simple one.

Experience has shown that all physical quantities can be defined by a few fundamental physical quantities. Even if we have more possibilities to choose physical fundamental quantities, it looks like the Universe "itself" has decided which basic quantities shall be used when deducting other physical quantities. These fundamental quantities are:

1. Distance in space between two "points",
2. Time interval between two events, and
3. Mass of a matter/energy containing system.

We shall revert to these cosmological units, but first we shall look at some remarks to the measuring units we normally use in our physical description of the world. Almost all countries have agreed to use the same physical units, which are: the distance meter, the time second and the mass unit kilogram. Previously there was chaos regarding basic units, different units were used in different countries, sometimes even different units were used within the same country.

The basic units used today, meter, kilogram and second, are far from being cosmologic, on the contrary they have an origin tightly connected to the human dimensions and rhytms. One meter is approximately equal to the length of a leg of an adult person. One second is approximately equal to the interval between two pulse beats, and a kilogram is approximately equal to one third of the weight of a newly born baby.

Gradually it was realized that it was practical to define the physical basic units independent of human relations. As an example, the unit of length, one meter, was introduced during the French revolution, and in 1791 it was defined as one ten millionth of the distance between the North Pole and Equator, measured along the longitude circle through Paris. Based on measurements of degrees, a standard was manufactured of platin, the so-called archive meter. This should then be a secondary normal meter.

Later measurements have shown that the archive meter is 2/10 mm shorter than 1/10⁷ of the length of the earth quadrant. The archive meter was then chosen as primary normal meter, and the meter was defined as the distance between the two plane ends of the platine stick at 0° Celcius. Thus there is no more connection between the meter and the nature object Earth. Since then the meter was adjusted and defined several times. At the 11th General Conference for Measure and Weight in Paris 1960 a new definition was given. This definition is determined by a definite emission of photons from the krypton-86 atom. It was decided: One meter is 1650763.73 times the wavelength in vacuum of the emission by a jump from level 2 p₁₀ to 5 d₅ in the atom.

Stoney found the following values:
Length = 10^-37 meter, time = 0.3 × 10^-45 second and mass = 10^-7 gram.
It should be noted that the electron was only discovered in 1897 and that 'electron' was introduced by Stoney as the name of the smallest electrolytic unit of charge. Likewise is should be noted that Stoney's units are introduced purely ad hoc without connection to any theory.

In 1899 Max Planck (1858-1947) ['Über irreversible Strahlungsvorgänge'. Sitzungsberichte der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 5, p. 479 (1899)] gives a mathematical description of the electromagnetic radiation from an 'absolutely black body'. In order to be able to explain the experimental facts, Planck had to break with the classical continuous physics, and had to presume that the radiation was emitted in discrete energy portions – called quanta.

After the introduction of his quantum constant, Max Planck showed, by a pure consideration of dimensions, that it was possible to construct a length, a time and a mass, by means of Newton's gravitation constant, the velocity of light and the new Planck constant.

The energy of one radiation quantum was proportional to the frequency of a specific radiation. This proportionality constant, connecting the energy of a quantum and the frequency, we today call Planck's Constant. By the quantization of the radiation energy and the introduction of Planck's Constant, quantum physical considerations were introduced in the description of nature.

The equations for calculation of what we today call Planck length l_p, Planck time t_p and Planck mass m_p are given by:

(p1)

(p2)

(p3)

In these equations, G is Newton's gravitation constant, h Planck's constant, and c is the velocity of light.
Using Boltzmann's thermo-dynamic constant k, Planck also constructed an extremely high temperature:

(p4)

The quantities defined by the expressions (p1) to (p4) are constructed ad hoc, without connection to any theory, and Max Planck himself was very much against discontinuous physics.

Today several cosmologists use these Planck quantities for conditions in the early Universe, and this in spite of the fact that the quantities can not be motivated as being fundamental for any physical theory. The motivation for their use is their small size, but nobody has foreseen the small elementary quantities from my theories.

(1)

where h is Planck's constant, M₀ the total matter/energy mass of the Universe and c₀ the velocity of light in a field free vacuum. I shall call this the light constant.
The time quantum – elementary time t₀ – is given by:

(2)

The mass of an "elementary particle" is presumed to be a definite fraction of the total mass of the Universe. As an example we have for the gravitational mass m_e of an electron:

(3)

where I shall call n_me the electron's mass quantum number. This is an extremely great number.

In a rational quantum physics, the following is valid:
Each physical finite distance is equal to a natural number, the space quantum number multiplied by elementary length r₀, we have:

(4)

Likewise: each physical time interval is equal to a natural number – the time quantum number multiplied by elementary time t₀. Thus

(5)

All physical quantities, such as velocity, acceleration, force, work, energy etc. are defined as usual, but we must take in account the quantization of space, time and mass. This fundamental "atomization" causes that all movement is discontinuous – all movements are "jumps". Likewise all physical processes in a definite system will be characterized by discontinuous changes of certain physical quantities.

Processes in a physical system we can describe by changes of certain quantum numbers, belonging to certain physical quantities, and for these quantum numbers certain conservation laws are valid.

All physical quantities can be expressed by the cosmical fundamental quantities: the space quantum, the time quantum and the total matter/energy mass of the Universe!

The Quantum Cosmological Basic Equations
The Evolution Quantum Number
Click here for a summary of my holistic quantum cosmology.

The above theory gives a connection between the actual extension of the Universe, its actual age and elementary length and elementary time. Likewise it gives a connection between the total matter/energy mass and the elementary mass at any time. The coupling quantity connecting the extension of the Universe, its age and mass, I call the cosmic evolution quantum number. This cosmic evolution quantum number 'ticks' up through the range of natural numbers. The Universe was 'born' when the cosmic evolution quantum number had the value 1!

The cosmic evolution quantum number determines the strength of the relation between the electrostatic and the gravitostatic forces, existing at any time between an electron and a positron. In the embryonic phase of the Universe, these forces were equal.

(6)

(7)

(8)

In the equations, R is the actual extension of the Universe, T is the corresponding age, M₀ is the total matter/energy mass of the Universe and m₀ the elementary mass, valid for R (or T). It should be noted that the two last equations can be deducted from equation (6).
n_e is the cosmic evolution quantum number, which also "controls" the relations between the electrostatic and gravitostatic forces, viz.:

(9)

where k_c is the Coulomb constant, e the electric elementary quantum, m_e the gravitational mass of the electron, m_p the gravitational mass of the positron and G the actual value of the gravitational "constant", which varies as the cosmic quantum number "ticks" up through the natural numbers. From equation (9) it will be seen that G decreases while the Universe is quantized up in size. The following is valid:

(10)

as the original gravitational "constant" G₀ is given by:

(11)

The connection between G₀ and G can thus be written as:

(12)

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Spaton, tempon, and masson,

the absolute units of the Universe.

The existence of the physical elementary quantities, elementary length, elementary time and elementary mass, denoted by r₀, t₀ and m₀ respectively, shows the existing possibility for introduction of some absolute and fundamental units for the physical basic quantities, distance, time and mass. Let us decide the following:

1. Elementary length defines a distance unit: 1 spaton, for short 1 [sp]
   from latin spatium, space
2. Elementary time defines a time unit: 1 tempon, for short 1 [te]
   from latin tempus -oris, time
3. Elementary mass defines a mass unit: 1 masson, for short 1 [ma]
   from latin massa, lump

The cosmological units 1 spaton and 1 tempon are absolute and invariant, viz. they are independent of the evolution of the Universe, and likewise they are independent of living creatures and specific local systems. As they are thus independent of our existence, they can also not be dependent on how we as observers move in relation to each other. As the ratio between r₀ and t₀ so to speak define the velocity of light c₀, it is seen that this is the same for all observers.

The cosmological mass unit, 1 masson, is on the other hand a variable unit, as it must be assumed that the product of elementary mass and the cosmic evolution quantum number is constant, equal to the total matter/energy mass of the Universe. Elementary mass decreases as the Universe develops.

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Physical quantities and their evolution equations in cosmological units

In the following we shall look at some physical quantities and their values, given in cosmological units. As the light constant c₀ is given by the ratio between elementary length r₀ and elementary time t₀, we have:

(13)

In cosmological units we have for the extension of the Universe R, its age T and its mass M₀:

(14)

(15)

(16)

We note interestingly that the characteristic universal quantities R, T and M₀ are taking the same number, namely the cosmic evolution quantum number, when expressed in the cosmological units. When the Universe was 'born', they all had the value 1 (one)!!

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The Planck value and its evolution equation in cosmological units

In cosmological units, Planck's "constant" is variable. From equation (1) we get:

(17)

where we have also used equations (8) and (9). [ma]_T gives the cosmological mass unit at the time T, and [ma]_t0 at the time t₀ when the Universe was "born". Equation (17) is thus an evolution equation for the Planck quantity. On the other hand, (h)_t0 = 1, viz. the Planck "constant" had the value 1 when the Universe was "born"!
(h)_t0 is thus an increasing discrete function, increasing in accordance with the quantum expansion of the Universe.

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The gravitational mass of an electron and its evolution equation

Let us assume that the gravitational mass of the electron can be calculated as a fraction of the total matter/energy mass of the Universe, M₀. Thus we have:

(18)

where the cosmic mass quantum number of the electron, n_me is assumed to be constant in all unit systems. To the two "times" T and 1·t₀ we thus get for the mass conditions of the electron:

(19)

In equation (19), [ma]_T gives the cosmological mass unit to time T and [ma]_t0 gives it to time t₀. As mentioned before, these mass units are different. The following evolution relation is valid for the mass of the electron:

(20)

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The electric elementary quantum and its evolution equation

We shall now study how the evolution of the electric elementary quantum goes. For this purpose we shall first redefine the electric elementary quantum e so that it can be expressed exclusively by the "mechanical" basic units for distance, time and mass. We introduce the Coulomb constant k_c and define an electric elementary quantum q_e by:

(21)

The SI unit for this electric charge is (m/s)·(kg·m)^1/2, thus a unit with a fractional exponent. To the two "times" T and t₀ the following is valid:

(22)

(23)

where G₀ is the value of G at the time 1·t₀ and where the figure 1 marks that N is equal to 1 at the same time.
For the electrical elementary quantum (q_e)_T we get the following evolution equation:

(24)

We see again that the cosmic evolution quantum number determines the evolution.

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The fine structure "constant" and its cosmological evolution equation

With the previous results it can easily be shown that the so called fine structure "constant" has the following evolution equation in cosmological units:

(25)

viz. the same mathematical formula expression as valid for the other physical quantities, which are characteristic for the phenomena in our Universe.

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Theoretical deduction of the universal decrease of gravity

A fundamental theoretical question within physics is: Is there a variation in space and time of the physical quantities, which we a priori assume being nature constants? Is there f.i. a variation of Planck's constant, the mass of the electron, the electric elementary quantum, the velocity of light or Newton's gravitation constant, as the Universe is gradually developing? Or are these quantities constant in space and time?

In the previous parts of this paper I have shown that in the cosmological units, where the cosmological mass units vary with the disintegration of the Universe in smaller and smaller mass quantities, in this system of units some of the physical coupling quantities vary. The variation of Newton's gravitation "constant" will appear after the following considerations, where it will be shown that the variation of this is different from the variation of other physical quantities.

Let us define a gravitational mass m_g, using Newton's gravitation 'constant' G and the mass m_e of the electron, so that:

(26)

It can be shown that for m_g the following evolution equation is valid, given in cosmological units:

(27)

We see that the development factor in equation (27) is N⁵, and thus it is different from the development factors for the other physical quantities I have described.
In cosmological units, this defined gravitational mass is increasing, but let us now transform to other, but fixed physical units. This we can do by means of the following connection between N and the cosmological mass units to the "times" T and 1·t₀

(28)

Using equation (28) in (27) we get:

(29)

This equation is valid in an arbitrary unit system with fixed invariant basic units.
From equation (29) we see the interesting, that the redefined gravitational mass² of the electron, m_g² decreases reverse proportional to N. By means of equation (6) and (9) we can express the variation by the actual extension of the Universe R. We get:

(30)

This equation we could also have found from equation (10). On the other hand, we can now from equation (30) and equation (26) get equation (10), viz.

(31)

In equation (31), G is the gravitational "constant" at the "time" T and G₀ the value at "time" 1·t₀, viz. when the Universe was "born".
If we transform the equations (17), (20), (24) and (25) to a system of units with fixed basic units, as f.i. the usual SI unit system, by means of the expression in equation (28), we get the following:

(32)

showing that these quantities do not vary as the Universe develops. On the other hand it has been shown that Newton's gravitational "constant" decreases, as the Universe expands in quantum "jumps".

If we denote the ratio with the Greek letter gamma, viz.

(33)

we can get the same evolution equation as for the other physical quantities, namely:

(34)

It should, however, be greatly underlined, that the evolution equation in (34) is valid in all unit systems, as it does not depend on the ratio between the cosmologic mass units, as the case is for the evolution equations, I have deducted for the other quantities.

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The quantum holistic formula for the Universe and its evolution through natural numbers

The previous analyses can now be collected to a universal whole, as I have shown that in the cosmological units there is the following context between the physical quantities defined by us men to be able to describe the Universe from which we have developed:

(35)

(36)

In these equations n_e is the cosmic evolution quantum number which can only take natural numbers. The Universe develops in "quantum jumps", as n_e "ticks" up through the natural numbers. The Universe was "born" when n_e took the value 1. Equations (35) and (36) are the evolution equations of the Universe.
The only universally constant physical quantities are: elementary length, elementary time and the light constant. These have only the value 1 in cosmological units.
We can formulate equations (35) and (36) in a universal equation: the quantum holistic formula of the Universe.

(37)

where U can be etc.
Hereby microcosmos has been combined with macrocosmos, the smallest with the greatest.

Maximum values of the age and extension of the Universe and its jump towards obliteration

An interesting question is:   Does the Universe have a maximum lifetime, and in the affirmative, what is the maximum age? Within my holistic quantum cosmology a possibility exists to give an answer to this. According to this theory, matter and energy of the Universe is split in smaller and smaller matter/energy quanta, corresponding to a smaller and smaller elementary mass. Together with this break-down of matter and energy, the gravity decreases and the Universe increases in geometrical size, in order that matter and energy can be distributed according to the entropy law.
The possibility to calculate the maximum lifetime of the Universe is hidden in the constant decrease of gravity. Calculating in the cosmological units, which I have introduced, we find that the gravitational 'constant' started with an extremely high value when the Universe was 'born', and has today decreased to a much smaller value, however greater than 1.
When the Universe was 'born', the gravitational 'constant' G₀ had the value:

(38)

The gravitational 'constant' today — in our epoch — is calculated to be:

(39)

which shows that the gravitational 'constant' started with an extremely high value when the Universe was 'born', while it today has decreased considerably. It must be assumed that the gravitational 'constant' will continue to decrease, until it reaches the value 1, but not farther to 0 or negative figures, as this will mean that we get non-acceptable physical conditions.
From (38) and (39) we get:

(40)

If we set G = 1 in equation (40) we get the maximum value of N, viz.:

(41)

Inserting this maximum value in the cosmological basic equation for the age of the Universe, viz. the equation:

(42)

we get:

(43)

Using equation (7), the maximum extension of the Universe can be calculated:

(44)

From the quantum cosmological equation (8) we can calculate the smallest value of the quantum mass, with which the Universe will 'close' and 'extinguish'.

If the Universe then will 'jump' to obliteration, or the cosmic quantum number will start 'ticking' backwards, the future must show!

 

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January 1997

Louis Nielsen

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